Branding Governance: A Participatory Approach T...

The current study tests a participatory, primary preventive organizational level intervention (i.e. a participatory action approach) that targets and engages all workers in the primary process of schools. Participation of employees and managers is supposed to result in increased occupational self-efficacy and organizational efficacy. The application of the intervention will yield work-oriented solutions tailored to the school setting, changing (the balance between) specific job demands and job resources. By improving the balance between job demands and job resources, it is expected to improve precursors of burnout (i.e. high need for recovery, low vitality) in the long run. The central research question is thus: is an organization focused stress management intervention based on participatory action effective in reducing the need for recovery and enhancing vitality in school employees in comparison to business as usual?

Branding Governance: A Participatory Approach t...

In this article we present the design of a controlled trial in two vocational schools in the Netherlands, wherein the participatory action approach and resulting work-oriented solutions are tested empirically.

Stecklar and Linnan [81] propose seven components to determine how the intervention was implemented (Table 1): (i) recruitment (what procedures were used to interest workers and what are reasons for not participating?), (ii) reach (attendance of workers in each phase of the participatory approach and its consequent tailored measures), (iii) dose delivered (how many steps of the participatory approach were actually delivered by the facilitator?), (iv) dose received (how many steps of the participatory approach were actually followed by the worker?), (v) fidelity (was the participatory approach delivered according to protocol?), (vi) satisfaction (how satisfied are participants with the participatory approach?); and (vii) context (what organizational and environmental characteristics affect the intervention?).

Continuously informing employees on the progress of each step is inherent to the participatory approach. The proceedings of each step are fed back to all staff of the intervention group, after suggestions from the participatory group and management are taken into account.

This is the first study to describe the test of a participatory, primary preventive organizational level intervention (i.e. a participatory action approach) on work-related stress and well-being that targets and engages all workers in the primary process of vocational education training schools. The goal of this study is to determine whether the participatory action approach, which is supposed to result in tailored, work-oriented solutions on the balance between job demands and job resources, effectively influences need for recovery and vitality.

Many local governments require community consultation in any major changes to the built environment. Community involvement in the planning process is almost a standard requirement in most strategic changes. Community involvement in local decision making creates a sense of empowerment. The City of Melbourne Swanston Street redevelopment project received over 5000 responses from the public allowing them to participate in the design process by commenting on seven different design options.[25] While the City of Yarra recently held a "Stories in the Street"[26] consultation, to record peoples ideas about the future of Smith Street. It offered participants a variety of mediums to explore their opinions such as mapping, photo surveys and storytelling. Although local councils are taking positive steps towards participatory design as opposed to traditional top down approaches to planning, many communities are moving to take design into their own hands.

Following this process, five key principles were agreed for co-creating public health interventions using participatory methodologies: framing the aim of the study; sampling; manifesting ownership; defining the procedure; and evaluating (the process and the intervention). These were structured into four sections to provide a systematic approach: Planning, Conducting, Evaluation and Reporting. In addition, three models for scaling locally-developed solutions to a population level were identified (distributed model, generalisable model and cascade model).

The Cochrane (PICO) process, signifying the patient or problem (P), intervention (I), comparison (C) and outcome (O) [35], is a good example of enabling a clear identification of the important information required to frame the problem, allowing the problem to be defined in one sentence. This has lifted the review of literature process from a loose procedure to a more structured and systematic scientific enquiry, now regarded as one of the most thorough. Using this PICO framework as a guide, it is proposed here that a PRODUCES framework (PRoblem, Objective, Design, (end-) Users, Co-creators, Evaluation, Scalability) could be adopted to facilitate a systematic approach when utilising participatory methodologies in co-creation.

One of the opportunities offered by utilising co-creation may be a more efficient and cost-effective intervention design process. As lifestyle is influenced by a complex web of factors which vary between individuals and settings [7], the number of parameters to consider when developing an optimum and tailored intervention are theoretically infinite. Therefore, the current top-down approach which academic researchers implement to understand which combination of these parameters are the most effective is perhaps not the most time efficient or financially viable option. Adopting a distributed participatory model, despite only emerging recently as a paradigm (Fig. 4a) may be one effective strategy to speed up this process by simultaneously developing and testing multiple versions of an intervention with the same function.

This involvement can occur at any stage of the evaluation process, from the evaluation design to the data collection and analysis and the reporting of the study. A participatory approach can be taken with any impact evaluation design, and with quantitative and qualitative data. However, the type and level of stakeholder involvement will necessarily vary between different types, for example between a local level impact evaluation and an evaluation of policy changes (Gujit 2014, p.1). It is important to consider the purpose of involving stakeholders and which stakeholders should be involved how in order to maximise the effectiveness of the approach.

UNICEF's Methodological Brief on Participatory Approaches uses the BetterEvaluation Rainbow Framework to cluster a number of questions for someone seeking to use a participatory approach (Gujit 2014, pp.7-8):

To shape the future of social marketing toward a more participatory approach, the field must look beyond its traditional disciplinary bounds. Participatory design (PD) is an umbrella term that encompasses a broad range of human-centred (see also citizen, consumer, person, user-centred) approaches and methods (Cargo & Mercer, 2008; Halskov & Hansen, 2015), all varying in their extent of participant involvement. Broadly, PD refers to the involvement of designers and users (participants) in a cooperative design process (Halskov & Hansen, 2015). PD is considered a useful method for engaging those affected by a given problem at the grass-roots level and ensuring user context forms the fundamental starting point of the design process (Halskov & Hansen, 2015). Although evaluations are limited, PD has demonstrated potential for improving outcomes such as program adoption, engagement, satisfaction, and retention (DeSmet et al., 2016; Willmott et al., 2022). However, several issues have been raised with the application of PD within social and behavioural change contexts.

Willmott, T. J., Hurley, E., & Rundle-Thiele, S. (2022). Designing energy solutions: a comparison of two participatory design approaches for service innovation. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 32(3), 353-377. 041b061a72